Library Management Software Packages

Library Management Software Packages: Library management or automation software provides centralized management and processes for different types of libraries and library activities such as acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, administration, reporting and patron records. It provides integration of self-service kiosks and online web portal access for catalogue search, content delivery or reservation requests and such others. They also track and automate notification of overdue books and fines.

In the following paragraphs, an attempt is made to list some of the popular free and open source library automation software packages. A very few commercial software packages are also discussed.

a) Automatización de Bibliotecas y Centros de Documentación (ABCD): ABCD stands for "Automatización de Bibliotecas y Centros de Documentación" (Spanish), which means: Library and Documentation Centers Automation. Its development is promoted and coordinated by BIREME, with the support of VLIR. ABCD is an integrated library management system that covers all the major functions in a library. It is able to manage acquisitions, management of bibliographic databases, user management, loan management, control of periodicals, and so on. It uses MARC-21 cataloguing formats and other current standards or protocols (Dublin Core, METS, Z39.50) and published as Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) with the accompanying tools for the developer community. Website: http://reddes.bvsaude.org/projects/abcd or http://sites.google.com/site/abcdtutorials/

b) DEL-PLUS: This software was designed and developed by Developing Library Network (DELNET), New Delhi exclusively to work under all kinds of libraries. It is able to manage the acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, and administrative work of the library. It also has an OPAC end and follows internationally recommended standards and formats such as MARC 21. It is suitable for small and medium size libraries which have collections upto one lakh holdings. It also supports Barcode. Website: http://delnet.nic.in/software-development.htm

c) E-Granthalaya: e-Granthalaya is a library automation software from National Informatics Centre, Department of Information Technology, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India. Using this software the libraries can automate in-house activities as well as user services. The software can be implemented either in stand-alone or in client-server mode where the database and WebOPAC are installed on the server PC while the data entry programme is installed on client PCs. The software runs on Windows platform. The software is provided at zero cost to the Ministries / Departments / Public / Academic / Universities / Colleges and school libraries. Besides, libraries set up in Public / Private sectors may also approach the NIC for free copy of the software.  Website: http://egranthalaya.nic.in/

d) Evergreen: Evergreen is an open source library management software, freely licensed under the GNU GPL. It was first launched in September, 2006 in Georgia's PINES consortium. It is highly-scalable software for libraries that helps library patrons find library materials, and helps the libraries to manage, catalogue, and circulate those materials, no matter how large or complex the libraries. are Evergreen has an active community that participates in its coding, documentation, and direction of the project. Website: http://www.open-ils.org/

e) FireFly: FireFly  is a Complete Public Library system. It is being written in Python, Perl, with all data being stored in XML. The driving force behind this project is to give public libraries a Free-Software set to run and maintain library systems. Website: http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/firefly/

f) Koha: Koha is the world's first open-source Integrated Library System (ILS) and it is distributed free of cost (open source, and so no license fee, ever). It was initially developed in New Zealand by Katipo Communications Ltd and first deployed in January of 2000 for Horowhenua Library Trust. It is currently maintained by a team of software providers and library technology staff from around the globe and is in use worldwide in the libraries of all sizes. The name “Koha” comes from the Maori word for a gift or donation.

It runs on Linux, Unix, Windows and MacOS platform. Koha is a comprehensive system that has the capacity to intelligently run a library, large or small, real or virtual. Koha is compliance with copy cataloguing and z39.50, MARC21 and UNIMARC for professional cataloguers. The software can also be used as document manager or digital library. Website: http://koha.org/

g) Library Information and Management System (LIMS): LIMS is a unique library system, designed, developed, implemented and fully tested by library professionals. It is distributed free of cost to the libraries. Website: http://www.paklag.org/limsFreeware.htm

h) Library Manager: Library Manager is a library management software. It has been developed under GPL licence. Website: http://libman.sourceforge.net/

i) LibSys 7: It is a web based library software product from Libsys Ltd., Gurgaon, Haryana. It has the modules for acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, serials, article indexing, Web-OPAC, and reports. It supports international standard like MARC21 (USMARC + CANMARC), Unicode, SRU-SRW, Z39.50, NCIP-NISO, SICI-Barcode. If any library has the sufficient fund, then it can be treated as the most field-proven library system in a wide spectrum of libraries with unmatchable depth in functionality and features. Website: http://www.libsys.co.in/

j) NewGenLib: NewGenLib is an integrated library management system developed by Verus Solutions Pvt Ltd. Domain expertise is provided by Kesavan Institute of Information and Knowledge Management in Hyderabad, India. On 9th January 2008, NewGenLib was declared as Open Source Software under GNU GPL Licence by Verus Solutions. It is estimated that 2,500 libraries across 58 countries are using NewGenLib as their Primary integrated library management system. Website: http://www.verussolutions.biz

k) OpenBiblio: OpenBiblio is an easy to use, automated library system written in PHP containing OPAC, circulation, cataloguing, and staff administration functionality. The software is free. Website: http://obiblio.sourceforge.net

l) Sanjay: The NISSAT sponsored a project to DESIDOC for developing programmes on UNESCO’s CDS/ISIS for enabling a library to do acquisition, circulation, etc. DESIDOC has successfully modified the programmes and a new package based on CDS/ISIS was released in 1992 by the name of SANJAY. So, Sanjay is an augmented version of CDS/ISIS with modules prepared for the various house keeping operations. The software is totally menu driven and works in windows environment with LAN support. In India, NISSAT is the marketing agent of this software. The package was released for marketing in September 1995.

m) Small Library Organizer Pro: It is a complete software for small private, public, or corporate libraries. It able to manages all the library collections, member / patron information, and keeps track of the library circulation data. The package has a separate module called Designer. With Designer one can modify Small Library solution or can build their own. This is a freeware. Website: http://small-library-organizer-pro.software.informer.com/1.0/

n) SOUL 2.0: Software for University Libraries (SOUL) is the state-of-the-art library automation software designed and developed by the INFLIBNET Centre, Ahmedabad. It is a user-friendly software developed to work under client-server environment. Looking at the name of the software, one may think that it is meant for the university libraries only, but, in fact, it is flexible enough to be used for automating any type or size of library. It is one of the best and proven software for all types of libraries. Website: http://www.inflibnet.ac.in/soul/

o) WEBLIS: WEBLIS is a free-of-charge Web based Library Integrated System based on CDS/ISIS. The system has been developed by the Institute for Computer and Information Engineering (ICIE), Poland. The current version of WEBLIS, available in English, consists of the cataloguing system, OPAC (search), LOAN module, and statistical module. WEBLIS runs through the WWW-ISIS engine. More: http://portal.unesco.org/ci/fr/ev.phpURL_ID=16841&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

Software Name	Developed by
Archives	Microfax Electronic; Systems,  Bombay
Acquas, Ascat, Ascir, Asire, Seras	Ober Information System,  Calcutta
Catman	INSDOC, New Delhi
DELMS	DESIDOC (in 1998)
Defence Library Management System	DESIDOC, New Delhi
Golden Libra	Golden Age Software Technologies, Bombay
e-Granthalaya	INSDOC, New Delhi
Krvger Library Manager	Blitz Audio Visuals,  Pune
Krvger Library Manager	Blitz Audio Visuals,  Pune
Librarika	Rayhan, Bangladesh  (Integrated Library System (ILS)
ListPlus	Computer Systems, Bangalore
Libman	Datapro Consultancy Services, Pune
Libra	Ivy System Ltd.,  New Delhi
Libsys, Micro-Libsys	LibsysCorpn.,  New Delhi
LibSoft	ET&T New Delhi
Liberator	CMC Ltd.Calcuta
Librarian	Soft Aid, Pune
Loan Soft	Computek Computer Systems,  Hyderabad
LIBSYS	LibSysCoroporation, New Delhi
LIBRIS	Frontier Information Technology Hyderabad
Library Manager	System Data Control Pvt. Bombay
Library Mgmt.	Raychansysmatics, Bangalore
MINISIS	SNDT, women University, Mumbai
Maitrayee	CMC,  Calcutta (for the CALIBNET Project)
MECSYS	MECON, Ranchi
NILIS	ASMITA Consultants, Bombay
Nirmals	Nirmal Institute Of Computer Expertise, Thiruchirapalai
OASYS/Alice	Softlink, New Delhi
SLIM	Algorithms, Pune
Slim 1.1	Algorithms,  Bombay
SALIM	Expertise, Tiruchirapalli, Uptronlndia Ltd.,  New Delhi
SOUL	INFLIBNET , Ahamdabad
SANJAY	NISSAT/DESIDOC DSIR , NEW DELHI
Suchika	DESIDOC , New Delhi
TLMS	INFLIBNET AHAMDABAD
Tech Lib+	NIC/OCLC NIC SR HYDERABAD
Trishna	NISTADS,  New Delhi. (Under NISSAT Project)
Tulib	Tata Unisys Ltd.,  Bombay
Ulysis	WlPRO Information Technology Ltd.,  Secunderabad
Wilisys	Wipro India, Bangalore
WILSYS	Wipro , Banglore

 

Source: www.netugc.com/

Library Network

Library Network: Library networking is an arrangement or a structure that links a group of libraries which have agreed to work together and / or share their resources in an organized basis to a certain degree. It can be defined as a “two or more libraries engaged in a common pattern of information exchange through communication for some functional purposes”. It is meant to promote and facilitate sharing of resources available within a group of participating libraries.

a) Definition: The National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS) in its National Programme Document (1975) defines a network as: “two or more libraries and/or other organizations engaged in a common pattern of information exchange, through communications, for some functional purpose. A network usually consists of a formal arrangement whereby materials, information and services provided by a variety of libraries and other organizations are available to all potential users. Libraries may be in different jurisdictions but they agree to serve one another on the same basis as each serves its own constituents. Computer and telecommunications may be among the tools used for facilitating communication among them”.

b) Precondition for Networking: The agreements between library authorities of different libraries, building or developing required infrastructure, maintenance of standardization in terms of classification schemes, cataloguing schemes, uses of some common library management software and so on are some of the preconditions before developing any kind of network. Some other preconditions are

i) Automation of the Member Library: For the success of network in the long run, each of the member libraries must have a policy to automate every function of the library – acquisition, cataloguing, classification, serials control, circulation, SDI, current awareness services, etc. – in the shortest possible time. This helps the library to have a computer environment which is required to design, develop, maintain and to operate several databases, to reduce the cost of library operations as well as network operations.

ii) Hardware and Software: The network should be able to recommend to participating libraries the type of hardware and software they need for their in-house functions and for networking purposes. Hardware should be selected considering the number of entries the participating libraries can generate within the next 3-5 years.

iii) Trained Manpower: If there is no adequate trained manpower in each of the member libraries, attempts should be made to train or/and recruit new skilled library personnel.

iv) Standardization: For the purpose of creating databases, it is essential to agree upon a standard. All libraries should follow a standard MARC format, AACR-II, a standard thesaurus like Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH), etc. uniformly. Although efforts should be made to have one classification scheme for all participating libraries yet the use of different numbers should not become a hurdle as search requests are mostly about authors, titles, editors and subject descriptions.

Besides the above, it is preferable to have certain communication facilities such as Fax, Telex, Telephone, etc. as a part of the network system in each of the member libraries for the effective working of the network. E-mail and internet facilities should be available with the libraries and they should be able to access international databases, preferably individually or through the network host to beginwith.

c) Advantages of Networking: The advantages of library networking are as follows:

i) Cooperative Collection Development: In the age of information explosion no individual library, however resourceful, can be self-sufficient in terms of documents. For a library, however rich it may be impossible to acquire and store all the documents within its four walls. Networking will help to develop collection in terms of books, periodicals, patents, standards, audio visual, CDs, etc. and share those resources.

ii) Meets Specialized User Demand: User needs are varied and diversified. To meet the specialized need one has to approach such special collection or special service that are available in special libraries. Networking will help in the sharing of experience and expertise of the library personnel.

iii) Breaks Financial Constraint: The library budgets are decreasing. With the provision of library networking a library can arrange for cooperative staff training, can exchange the staff for performing some technical works. Sharing of the finance for cooperative acquisition and collection development, processing, etc, can also be made.

iv) Reduces Unnecessary Duplication of Work: The networking will remove the efforts in duplication of classification, cataloguing, and such others.

v) Barrier Breaker: Library networking is needed to break the barriers of distance and time. Further, it will reduce the physical movement of materials.

vi) Sharing of Hardware Resources: Expensive computer equipment, microfilming equipment, digitizing devices for newspaper, reprographic systems, etc. can be procured by a networking group for the benefit of all the libraries of the network. Networking is also needed to connect personal computer with the mainframe or super computer for problem solving.

vii) Sharing of Software Resources: The software that is too expensive to procure by individual libraries can be procured and shared by the network for solving larger programmes, information retrieval, and so on. The software can be installed in the central computer and all other computers can be used as client.

viii) Development of Union Catalogue: Network helps in developing union catalogue to refer the user to the documents in any of the other participating libraries and it can be consulted by the user in order to know which document is available in which library. For example, Union Catalogue of Social Science Serials was compiled and published by the NASSDOC (ICSSR), New Delhi in 1980s.

ix) Development of Database: Library network helps in developing special database to meet some special need by the participatory libraries. Again, through networking the local information which is available over the network can be controlled locally that satisfies the accuracy. For example, National Union Catalogue of Scientific Serial in India (1988) was the result of the work of INSDOC in collaboration with several scientific libraries all over India.

x) Document Delivery Service (DDS): Networks enable librarians, faced with clients’ information needs beyond their local resources, to identify and obtain materials and services for those clients. The interlibrary loan, Document Delivery Service (DDS) provides the user the required documents irrespective of its location.

xi) Humanware: Manpower training and refresher course facilities – stimulating, promoting and coordinating research and training programme for library staff- can be arranged by the network members.

d) Development of Library Network in India: At international level Joint Academic NETwork (JANET), Online Computer Library Centre (OCLC), etc. are functioning properly. The examples of library networks in the western countries suggest that all networks based on a fee structure can be maintained without grant and are viable in the long run.

NICNET, established by National Informatics Centre (NIC) in 1977 was started in the late 1987’s. It is one of the largest VSAT Networks of its kind in the world. It was launched basically for getting and providing information from/to district levels to facilitate planning process. It links for regional nodes at Delhi, Pune, Bhubneswar and Hyderabad and has established 32 nodes at state and union territory levels and 439 nodes at district headquarters.

At national level INDONET is India’s first data communication and computer network that was started in March 1986 by CMC Ltd. It was launched as a solution to the growing need for providing timely, well processed data to various institutions. In the First phase, they have mainly network in Mumbai, Calcutta and Chennai. Later, Delhi and Hyderabad were also linked as additional stations. INDONET presently has an international gateway which provides access to the world wide pocket switched networks like USA’s Global Networks Systems (GNS) and Internet.

Education and Research Network (ERNET) <http://www.eis.ernet.in/> was launched by the Department of Education (DOE), Govt. of India in late 1986 with financial assistance from United Nationals Development Programme (UNDP) to provide academic and research institutions with electronic mail facilities. It is currently used by DSIR Labs, research centres and academic institutions.

Scientific and Industrial Research Network (SIRNET) was established by INSDOC in late 1989 to interconnect all the CSIR laboratories and other R&D institutions in India.

            The success of the above networks and the initiatives taken by NISSAT, UGC, Planning Commission and other departments of Govt. of India have led to the establishment and development of library networks in India.

CALIBNET was established by NISSAT in 1986 in Calcutta. It was the first library network visualized. At present, it has become the centre for CD-ROM databases which are acquired from outside sources. DELNET was established in 1988 in Delhi by India International Centre with the initial financial support of NISSAT. It is the first operational library network in India. INFLIBNET was established by UGC in 1988 and its operations began in 1991. It is a network of university and college libraries. MALIBNET is the result of the need for interconnecting libraries and information centres in Chennai, which was visualized by INSDOC in 1991. INSDOC undertook a feasibility study which was completed in March 1992. MALIBNET was registered as a society in Chennai in Feb. 1993. Some other library networks in India are PUNENET (1992) in Pune, ADINET (1993) in Ahmedabad, BONET (1994) in Mumbai, MYLIBNET (1994) in Mysore (Chennai), and BALNET (1995) in Bangalore.

e) Let Us Sum Up: According to Allen Kent "the success and survival of libraries will much depend on how much and to what extent the libraries cooperate with each other in future". Further, tremendous explosion of information, financial constraints, information in different forms, etc., compelling the libraries to form network and consortia is an essential facet of modern library practices.

In library network the particular focus is forming online networks by using computers and linking members to the computer resources by means of telecommunication connections. When a group of libraries using computers decide to exchange information, a network is developed.

The library network deals with the development of software for library automation, automation of the member libraries, retro-conversion of records, cooperative acquisition, creating union catalogue, development of database of the holdings in member libraries, conducting training, workshops and seminar, providing DDS, Email, CD-ROM, internet access facilities. It also provides reference service, referral service, and provides technical support to member institutions in the selection of hardware, software, and technical problem faced by the member libraries. But till now except DELNET and INFLIBNET, most of the other library networks have yet to develop databases of library holdings in a significant way. Even these two networks have to go a long way to cover in their databases the entire holdings of all the participating libraries. Unless this is achieved, the networks would not be able to achieve significant resource sharing as well as rationalization in library acquisitions.

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Local Area Network (LAN)

Local Area Network (LAN): In a LAN two or more computers or node are directly linked within a small well defined areas such as a room, office, building, campus or a local neighborhood with a range of 10 kilometers. Each hardware device on a LAN such as computer or a printer is called a node. Most LANs are privately owned, controlled and managed by a single person or organization and uses direct high speed cables to share hardware, software and data resources. LAN uses the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE-802.5, IEEE 802.3), Ethernet, IBM token ring, etc standardization protocol where as WAN uses TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, etc.

The main component of LAN are discussed below-

A) Cables and Other Medium for Transmitting Signal: Cables and other medium for transmitting the signal is one of the very important components of any network. The cables can be of the following types-

a) Twisted Pair: It is used in low speed LAN using base hand transmission. In this mode of transmission data is transmitted as simple electrical levels often without any modulation. There is no multiplexing and the entire bandwidth of the medium is used for transmitting signals from one station. It is used for communication up to a distance of 2 km.

            Twisted pair is vulnerable to interference from large machines such as air conditioners. This interference can destroy data.

            Twisted pair cables are generally two types-

i) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP);

ii) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP);

            Twisted pair consists of a pair of insulated conductor’s that is twisted together.

b) Co-Axial Cables: It is used for broadband transmission of speeds of 10 Mbps or more. The broadband transmission uses modulation techniques and is suitable for transmitting high speed and multiplexed data. It consists of a solid conductor running coaxially inside a solid or braided outer annular conductor. The two kinds of co-axial cables are

i) Baseband Co-axial Cables: It can carry only one signal at a time, but it is fast (10 million bits per second).

ii) Broadband Co-axial Cables: It can carry more than one signal at a time. Cable TV companies use broad band co-axial cables.

c) Fiber Optic Cables: Fibre optic can be described as a transmission system employing a light-emitting source – turned on and off rapidly by electrical impulses whose emissions are sent through glass pipe to a light sensitive receiver to convert the changing light intensities back into the electrical impulses. The “core” of fibre optic cables is a very thin strand of highly refined cylindrical glass. A second layer of glass called clad surrounds the core. The clad is fured directly to the core so that it is very difficult to see the boundary between the two with naked eyes. Fibre optic cables are unaffected by magnetic or electrical interferences. They are however expensive and hard to install. The fibre optic carries data at the rate of 100 Mbps.

d) Line of Sigh Transmission: Here data are sent into air transmitted by infrared, lasers, microwaves and radio.

i) Wireless LAN: Wireless LAN uses infrared or radio wave transmission. Although wireless LAN are more prone to error and interception they do not require laying cables and moving it when a node is relocated.

e) Satellite Transmission: In many network fibre is used as backbone to distribute the network, while the last mile wiring is still some type of copper. Some network architecture has limitation on cable distances and the number of workstation that can be supported on as single segments. Exceeding these may result in inconsistent poor or absent network service to nodes beyond the limit. In some cases the entire network can be affected.

B) Fibre Connector: There are several different types of fibre connectors that includes the following:-

a) ST: This keyed, bayonet style (twist-lock) connector is widely used.

b) SC: The SC connector used internationally is a snap-lock connector with a duplex connection, one each to transmit and receive.

Other connectors in the fibre arena includes SMA connectors which are rapidly becoming obsolete and proprietary and specialized connectors that are not as widely used.

C) Controlled Mechanism: The controlled mechanism consists of the following units-

a) Cable Interface Unit: Sometimes also called as hub. It sends and receives signals on the network cables. This unit is a box outside the computers.

i) Hub: Hub acts at the data link layer, acting as a breakout box signals they receive and is the common wiring point for a star topology. It forwards packet to all active ports and shares the bandwidth.

ii) Switches: It works at layer 2 of OSI reference model and checks the destination address and makes a virtual path to the destination port. It does not share band width.

iii) Routers: It works at layer 3 of OSI reference model. Its job is to send packets created by higher layer of the network to the ultimate destination.

            If a network has less number of node, the choice should be 10/100 hubs. If it consists of number of nodes and dispersed in different floor / building your best choice will be switch.

b) Network Media Connector: The connector used to attach network media to the networking devices are called networking media connector. Some of the commonly used network media connectors are-

i) Register Jack 11:

ii) Register Jack 45:

iii) BNC (Bayonet Neill Concelman Connectors):

c) Structured Cabling: A structured cabling system consists of outlets which provide the user with RJ45 presentation, which is again enabled back to a Telecommunication Closet (TC) using an individual cable containing four twisted pair. This cabling is known as horizontal cabling which is again connected back to the back  of the user outlet by means of an Insulation Displacement Connection (IDC) connector.

            The maximum length of cables between the hub and any outlet must be 90 metre to comply with EIA/TIA and ISO requirements. The standard allows a further 10 metre for connecting leads and patches leads making a total drive distance of 100 metres.

D) Node: Each hardware device on a LAN such as computer printer is called a node.

a) Network Card: The Network Interface Card (NIC) is the main physical device which sends and receives data from network cables. A network interface card must be installed at every host that wished to connect to network. The NIC is inserted into an expansion slot inside the computer. The card is connected to the cable interface unit by wire.

            LAN can be connected by a bridge, a router or a gateway. If two LANs are similar one can use a bridge to connect them with two or more similar LANs one can use a router to connect them. With two dissimilar LAN one can use a gateway. The gateway translates the LANs difference data format.

In case of LAN, the accesses are generally done through Switched Access, Contention or Multiple Accesses and Token Passing Access.

The Contention or Multiple Accesses is used in bus topology. In this technique if a line is unused a terminal or device can transmit its message at will but if two or more terminals initiate message simultaneously, they must stop and transmit again at different intervals.

The Token Passing Access is used in ring topology. In this system to deliver a message one should hand over addressed note to a rider (the token) on the many go round that would drop it of at the appropriate place.

            There are also other techniques like reservation access, load adaptive access, tree structure based access, etc.

Some of the need and advantages of LAN are-

a) Resource Sharing: Networking is needed for sharing of:

i) Hardware: The Mainframe computer, super computer, Laser Printer, etc.

ii) Software: For sharing costly software, such as LibSys.

iii) Information: Data, text, audios, videos, picture, databases, etc

b) Distance, Cost, Time, and Space: Networking is needed for breaking the barrier of distance, cost, time and space.

c) Organizational Infrastructure: LAN improves the existing organizational infrastructure.

d) High Speed: LAN provides high speed networking when compared with other network.

e) Low Error Rates: LAN provides accurate data transmission.

f) Internet Access: A LAN in turn often connects to other LANs, and to the Internet or other WAN. All users of the LAN network can share a common line to the internet.

Some of the disadvantages of using LAN are -

a) Distance Covered is Limited: The distance that can be covered by LAN is limited.

b) Number of Terminal is Restricted: Number of terminal to be added to the network is also limited.

c) Initial Cost is High: Many people consider the cost in setting up the LAN as high investment.

Most LANs are built with relatively inexpensive hardware such as Ethernet cables, network adapters, and hubs. Wireless LAN and other more advanced LAN hardware options also exist. Specialized operating system software may be used to configure a LAN. For example, most flavors of Microsoft Windows provide a software package called Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) that supports controlled access to LAN resources.

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E-Document

1. Introduction: The information sources which are in electronic format and which are communicate via the electronic media are called electronic documents and in brief e-documents. The electronic media is a computer based media for storage and dissemination of information.

2. Characteristic of E-Document

i) The information are exists in a digital format or computer processable format.

ii) Information are published by releasing them to a central database or in the form of CD Rom, DVD Rom, etc.

iii) E-document can embed text, static picture, sound, animation, motion picture and various tactile modes of communication.

iv) Processing, presentation, storage, display, communication is carried out through the use of digital technology.

v) E-documents are distributed by CD Rom, DVD Rom or communication link.

vi) Helps in easy document delivery. Users may established their own accounts, change services, pay through credit cards or by some other pre-arranged method and have requested material delivered directly to them by Fax, Email, etc.

3. Advantages of E-Documents

i) Structured Approach: E-document provides accesses to much richer content in a more structured manner i.e. we can easily move from a particular content to a chapter from the index to the original text, etc.

ii) Reference: In case of e-document the endnotes are available by a clickable link from the note of main text. The reference sources provides online link to the original document so a seamlessly integration can be achieved.

iii) Information Retrieval: The user is able to use any search term belonging to the word or phrase of the entire publication. Some online e-document also provides internal search engines.

iv) Updated Information: Latest information can be accumulated in e-document very effectively so a new edition / version can be brought with a little extra cost.

v) Multiple Accesses: The same e-document can be used at the same time by a number of users.

vi) On demand publishing: The individual subscribers can be provided with only that document which match their profile and can be changed accordingly.

vii) Space: E-document requires very little physical space to keep them. So when a library had no space for extension digitization is the only solution.

viii) Preservation and Conservation: An exact copy of the original can be made any number of times without any degradation in quality.

ix) Cost: E-document is cost effective when we consider its maintenance, additional copy, etc.

x) Speed: In case of e-document time lag between the origin of a document and its use by end user will be greatly decreased. Also the time lag in submission of a reference question in library, referring the user to a particular document, its consultation in the computer screen, editing, composing, printing and forwarding will be greatly reduced.

xi) No physical boundary: The user of e-document need not to go to the library physically. People from all over the world could gain accesses to the same information as long as the internet connection is available.

xii) Round the clock availability: E-document can be accessed at any time, 24 hours a day and 365 days of the year.

xiii) Manageability: E-document can easily be managed by adding bookmark and personal notes to the site or by downloading it to private files or database for copying and editing.

4. Disadvantages of E-document: 

The computer viruses, lack of standardization for digitized information, quick degrading properties of digitized material, different display standard of digital product and its associated problem, health hazard nature of the radiation from monitor, etc some of the problem associated with e-document. Some other disadvantages of e-documents are

i) Copyright: E-document will violate copyright laws as the thought content of one author can be freely transfer by other without his acknowledgement.

ii) Bandwidth: E-document will need high bandwidth for transfer of multimedia resources but the unused bandwidth is decreasing day by day due to its over utilization.

iii) Speed of Access: As more and more computers are connected to the internet its speed of access reasonably decreasing, if new technology will not evolve to solve the problem then in near future internet will be full of error messages.

iv) Incompatible Hardware and Software: Due to the absence of common standard regarding hardware and software the display of e-document creates another problem.

v) Initial cost is height: The infrastructure required to access the e-document is generally high i.e. cost of hardware, software, lease line connection, internet LAN, etc.

vi) Preservation: The technology used by a particular e-document publisher becomes out of date very soon due to the rapid technological development. So the data may become inaccessible.

vii) Environment: An E- document cannot be read without the computer system or special equipment needed to access the document. So a user cannot take out an E- document with him to read it at convenient time and place. Again, many people find reading printed material to be easier than reading material on computer screen. So E- document cannot reduce the environment of a traditional book.

            According to Crawford and Gorman (1995), paper and printed still work best for sustained reading while electronic distribution of information is better for communicating data and small packet of information.

viii) Simultaneous Access: Over the world could gain access to the same information as long as the Internet connection is available.

ix) Round the clock availability: E- document can be accessed at any time, 24 hours a day and 365 days in a year.

x) Manageability: E- document can be easily managed by adding book mark and personal notes to the site or by downloading it to private files or database for copying and editing.

source: www.netugc.com

Rajasthan Subordinate and Ministerial Services Selection Board (RSMSSB)

Part B: Library and Information Science and Basic Knowledge of Computer

Foundation of library and information Science: Concept of library, information and society, Information society, Library as a social institution, Types of libraries: Academic, Special and Public, National library of India, Five laws of library science and their implications, Concept of information literacy, Library movement in India, Library legislation, Library acts in India, Intellectual property rights and law, Censorship, Extension activities and public relation work, Role and activities of I.L.A., IFLA and UNESCO and RRRLF, Library resource sharing. Library Classification and Cataloguing: Definition, need, purpose and function, Notation: Types and qualities, Main features of Colon Classification and Dewey Decimal Classification Schemes, Principles of helpful sequence, General aspects of common isolates/standard sub-divisions, Devices used in C. C. and D.D. C., Steps in practical classification, Library Cataloguing: Definition, need, purpose and function, History of Classified Catalogue Code and Anglo American Cataloguing Rules, Kinds of entries: Main entry and added entries of Classified Catalogue Code, Kind of catalogue: Classified and dictionary, Physical and inner forms of catalogue, Subject cataloguing and chain procedure, OPAC. Library Organisation and Management: General and scientific principles of management and their implication to library administration, Function of administration, Sections of a library: Acquisition section -Book selection, procedure and accessioning, Technical processing section (Classification and Cataloguing of books), Periodical section, Circulation section: Newark and Browne, Maintenance: Open access system, care and repair (binding) of books and journals, Stock rectification and verification, Library display, Library rules, Library statistics, Budgeting. Reference Service and Information Sources: Reference and information Services: Need and purpose, Ready reference service, Long range reference service, Initiation, Reference service in School and public library, Organisation ..of reference department, Qualities of a reference librarian, CAS and SDI, Information Sources: Need and types: Primary, secondary and tertiary. Basics of Computer: Introduction to computer-Characteristics, use, and types of computers, Computer generations, and computer architecture: Hardware, input and output devices, Software: Need, purpose and types, Operating system, Library software: Proprietary, Open source software, Role of library automation, Use of Internet in libraries, Electronic Resources: e-Books, e-Journals, databases.

 

NVS Librarian Exam Syllabus 2020-2021

Part 1: Foundation of Library & Information Science.
Unit.1. Library as an Social Institution  Social & Historical foundations of Library. Different types of libraries- Academic, Public, Special –their distinguishing features and functions. Role of U.G.C. for development of Academic libraries. Role in Library of formal and informal education.	Unit.2 Normative Principles of Lib. & Inf. Science Five Laws of Library Science. Implications of five laws in Lib. & Inf. Science Development of Libraries with special reference to India, Baroda Public Library system Library Co-operation Resource Sharing and Library Networking.
Unit 3. Laws relating to Libraries & Information. Library legislation need and essential features. Library legislation in India. Maharashtra Public Library Act. Press and registration act & Delivery of Books act (Public Library). Copyright act, Intellectual Property rights.	Unit 4. Library and information Profession Attribution of profession. Librarianship as a profession. Professional ethics. Professional associations & their role. National & International Library Associations- FID, IFLA, LA, ILA, ALA, IASLIC etc. Professional education & research.
Unit.5 Promoters of Library & Information services National level promoters- RRRLF. International level promoters- UNESCO	Unit 6. Public relations & Extension activities Definition facets and programs. publicity & extension, Out reach activities. Library path finders (Guides) Factors affecting Library development, Literacy, publishing, Book Trade.
Part II : Knowledge Organization, Information Processing & Retrieval.
Unit. 1. Universe of Knowledge Structure and attributes. Modes of formation of subjects. Different types of subjects. Universe of subjects as mapped in different schemes of classification.	Unit. 2 Bibliographic description Catalogue purpose, Structure and types physical forms including OPAC filling rules. Normative Principles of cataloguing. Overview of principles and practice in document description. Current trends in Standardization, description and exchange. Standard codes of cataloguing.
Unit. 3. Methods of Knowledge Organization General theory of Library Classification. Normative principles of classification and their application. Species of Library Classification. Standard Schemes of Classifications and their features, CC, DDC, UDC. Notation: Need, Functions, Characteristics Design and development of schemes of Library Classification, Standard sub-division Index. Trends in Library Classification.	Unit.4. Subject Classification Principles of Subject Classification. Subject heading lists and their feature
Part III: Information Technology: Basic
Unit.1 Information Technology Definition, Need, Scope and Objectives.	Unit. 2 Computer Basic (Hardware) Introduction to Computers Overview of Historical Development of Computers. Generations of Computers, Classification of Computers. Essential Components of Computer system.
Unit.3 Computer Architecture-Organization of Computer Input and Output devices- Keyboard, Scanner, OCR, Printers, Monitor	Unit. 4. Software Operating systems: Single & Multi User Systems, Basic features of MS-DOS, MS Windows, Linux, UNIX, Windows NT etc. Programming Languages: Concepts and Tools Algorithm & Flowcharting.
Unit. 5 Word Processors, Spread Sheet etc.	Unit. 6 DBMS Package Familiarity with DBASE, FOXPRO, CDS/ISIS, SOUL, MS Access (Basic features)
Unit 7. Computer application to library & Information work House keeping operations	Unit 8. Communication Technology Communication Technology Basic Concepts Networking: Basic Concepts. Internet
Part IV: Management of Libraries & Information Centres/Institutions
Unit.1 Management Concepts, definition and scope. Management styles and approaches. Management schools of thought. Functions and principles of Scientific Management.	Unit.2 Human Resource Management Organizational structure. Delegation, Communication and Participation. Job Description and Analysis, Job evaluation. Inter-personal relation. Recruitment procedures. Motivation, group Dynamics. Training and Development. Disciplines and Grievances. Performance Appraisal.
Unit.3. Financial Management Resources Mobilization Budgeting Techniques and Methods PPBS, Zero Based Budgeting etc. Budgetary Control. Cost effectiveness and Cost Benefit analysis.	Unit. 4 Reporting Types of reports, Annual report-compilation, Contents and style. Library Statistics etc
Unit 5 System Analysis and Design Library as a system Project Management PERT/COM Decision Tables. Performance evaluation standards, MIS. Performance Measurement, reengineering, Time and Motion Study SWOT ( Strength Weakness Opportunities Threat) DFD (Data Flow Diagram)	Unit 6. Total Quality Management (TQM) Definition, Concept, Element Quality Audit, LIS related standards. Technology Management.
Unit. 7 Library House Keeping Operations. Different sections of Library & Information Center and their functions. Collection Development and Management Policies Procedures. Book Ordering (Acquisition) Technical Processing. Serials Control, Circulation Control, Maintenance etc. Stock Verification- Policies and Procedures. Evaluation and Weeding. Archiving-conservation-Preservation. Restoration including Print, Non-Print and Electronic Materials.	Unit.8 Planning Concept, Definition, Need and Purpose, Types. Policies and Procedures, MBO Building and Space management in Libraries and Information Centers. Library Building, Interior & Exterior, Furniture, Equipment’s, Standards & Types. Risk Management, Contingency Management. Planning of related Infrastructure, Library Standards.
Unit 9. Management of change. Concept of change. Changes in Procedures, Methods, Tools and Techniques. Problems of Incorporating Change. Techniques of Managing Change.
Part V: Information Sources & Services
Unit 1. Reference and information sources. Documentary Sources of Information, Print, Non-Print including Electronic: Special features, Scope, types Nature, Characteristic, Utility and evaluation of different types of Information sources: Physical formats, Authority, Content, Utility. Non-Documentary Information Sources. Reference Sources Categories, Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Information Sources.(Encyclopedia, Dictionary, Periodical, Thesis, Books, Year book, Patents, Trade literature, standards, Monographs, Reference Books, Year Books, Almanac, Atlas, Abstracting & Indexing periodicals, Bibliographies, Handbooks etc.) Internet as a Source of Information.	Unit.2. Reference Service. Concept, Definition, Need, Scope and trends. Reference Interview and Search Techniques.
Unit 3. Information Services and Products Information services and Products. Information services concepts, Definition, Need and trends. Need, Techniques and Evaluation of Alerting services (CAS &SDI) Bibliographic, Referral, Document Delivery and Translation Services.	Unit.4. Information System and their Services. Study of National, International and Commercial Information Systems and Services- Background, their Services and Products.
Part VI: Library Users
Unit 1. Techniques of Library and Information Centres Survey. Proforma method. Interview method. Records analysis method.	Unit.2. Information users and their information Needs Categories of Information users. Information needs definition and models. Information seeking behaviour.
Unit.3 User Education Goals and Objectives level, Techniques and Methods, Evaluation of Users Education Programmes. Unit. 4. User Studies. Methods and techniques of User studies. Evaluation of User studies.	Unit 5. User Orientation Programmes: Conventional and modern Techniques: Study tour, Newsletters, Handbooks, Leaflets, Powerpoint Presentation, Websites etc

 

KVS Librarian Exam Syllabus 2020

Part 1: Foundation of Library & Information Science.
Unit.1. Library as an Social Institution  Social & Historical foundations of Library. Different types of libraries- Academic, Public, Special –their distinguishing features and functions. Role of U.G.C. for development of Academic libraries. Role in Library of formal and informal education.	Unit.2 Normative Principles of Lib. & Inf. Science Five Laws of Library Science. Implications of five laws in Lib. & Inf. Science Development of Libraries with special reference to India, Baroda Public Library system Library Co-operation Resource Sharing and Library Networking.
Unit 3. Laws relating to Libraries & Information. Library legislation need and essential features. Library legislation in India. Maharashtra Public Library Act. Press and registration act & Delivery of Books act (Public Library). Copyright act, Intellectual Property rights.	Unit 4. Library and information Profession Attribution of profession. Librarianship as a profession. Professional ethics. Professional associations & their role. National & International Library Associations- FID, IFLA, LA, ILA, ALA, IASLIC etc. Professional education & research.
Unit.5 Promoters of Library & Information services National level promoters- RRRLF. International level promoters- UNESCO	Unit 6. Public relations & Extension activities Definition facets and programs. publicity & extension, Out reach activities. Library path finders (Guides) Factors affecting Library development, Literacy, publishing, Book Trade.
Part II : Knowledge Organization, Information Processing & Retrieval.
Unit. 1. Universe of Knowledge Structure and attributes. Modes of formation of subjects. Different types of subjects. Universe of subjects as mapped in different schemes of classification.	Unit. 2 Bibliographic description Catalogue purpose, Structure and types physical forms including OPAC filling rules. Normative Principles of cataloguing. Overview of principles and practice in document description. Current trends in Standardization, description and exchange. Standard codes of cataloguing.
Unit. 3. Methods of Knowledge Organization General theory of Library Classification. Normative principles of classification and their application. Species of Library Classification. Standard Schemes of Classifications and their features, CC, DDC, UDC. Notation: Need, Functions, Characteristics Design and development of schemes of Library Classification, Standard sub-division Index. Trends in Library Classification.	Unit.4. Subject Classification Principles of Subject Classification. Subject heading lists and their feature
Part III: Information Technology: Basic
Unit.1 Information Technology Definition, Need, Scope and Objectives.	Unit. 2 Computer Basic (Hardware) Introduction to Computers Overview of Historical Development of Computers. Generations of Computers, Classification of Computers. Essential Components of Computer system.
Unit.3 Computer Architecture-Organization of Computer Input and Output devices- Keyboard, Scanner, OCR, Printers, Monitor	Unit. 4. Software Operating systems: Single & Multi User Systems, Basic features of MS-DOS, MS Windows, Linux, UNIX, Windows NT etc. Programming Languages: Concepts and Tools Algorithm & Flowcharting.
Unit. 5 Word Processors, Spread Sheet etc.	Unit. 6 DBMS Package Familiarity with DBASE, FOXPRO, CDS/ISIS, SOUL, MS Access (Basic features)
Unit 7. Computer application to library & Information work House keeping operations	Unit 8. Communication Technology Communication Technology Basic Concepts Networking: Basic Concepts. Internet
Part IV: Management of Libraries & Information Centres/Institutions
Unit.1 Management Concepts, definition and scope. Management styles and approaches. Management schools of thought. Functions and principles of Scientific Management.	Unit.2 Human Resource Management Organizational structure. Delegation, Communication and Participation. Job Description and Analysis, Job evaluation. Inter-personal relation. Recruitment procedures. Motivation, group Dynamics. Training and Development. Disciplines and Grievances. Performance Appraisal.
Unit.3. Financial Management Resources Mobilization Budgeting Techniques and Methods PPBS, Zero Based Budgeting etc. Budgetary Control. Cost effectiveness and Cost Benefit analysis.	Unit. 4 Reporting Types of reports, Annual report-compilation, Contents and style. Library Statistics etc
Unit 5 System Analysis and Design Library as a system Project Management PERT/COM Decision Tables. Performance evaluation standards, MIS. Performance Measurement, reengineering, Time and Motion Study SWOT ( Strength Weakness Opportunities Threat) DFD (Data Flow Diagram)	Unit 6. Total Quality Management (TQM) Definition, Concept, Element Quality Audit, LIS related standards. Technology Management.
Unit. 7 Library House Keeping Operations. Different sections of Library & Information Center and their functions. Collection Development and Management Policies Procedures. Book Ordering (Acquisition) Technical Processing. Serials Control, Circulation Control, Maintenance etc. Stock Verification- Policies and Procedures. Evaluation and Weeding. Archiving-conservation-Preservation. Restoration including Print, Non-Print and Electronic Materials.	Unit.8 Planning Concept, Definition, Need and Purpose, Types. Policies and Procedures, MBO Building and Space management in Libraries and Information Centers. Library Building, Interior & Exterior, Furniture, Equipment’s, Standards & Types. Risk Management, Contingency Management. Planning of related Infrastructure, Library Standards.
Unit 9. Management of change. Concept of change. Changes in Procedures, Methods, Tools and Techniques. Problems of Incorporating Change. Techniques of Managing Change.
Part V: Information Sources & Services
Unit 1. Reference and information sources. Documentary Sources of Information, Print, Non-Print including Electronic: Special features, Scope, types Nature, Characteristic, Utility and evaluation of different types of Information sources: Physical formats, Authority, Content, Utility. Non-Documentary Information Sources. Reference Sources Categories, Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Information Sources.(Encyclopedia, Dictionary, Periodical, Thesis, Books, Year book, Patents, Trade literature, standards, Monographs, Reference Books, Year Books, Almanac, Atlas, Abstracting & Indexing periodicals, Bibliographies, Handbooks etc.) Internet as a Source of Information.	Unit.2. Reference Service. Concept, Definition, Need, Scope and trends. Reference Interview and Search Techniques.
Unit 3. Information Services and Products Information services and Products. Information services concepts, Definition, Need and trends. Need, Techniques and Evaluation of Alerting services (CAS &SDI) Bibliographic, Referral, Document Delivery and Translation Services.	Unit.4. Information System and their Services. Study of National, International and Commercial Information Systems and Services- Background, their Services and Products.
Part VI: Library Users
Unit 1. Techniques of Library and Information Centres Survey. Proforma method. Interview method. Records analysis method.	Unit.2. Information users and their information Needs Categories of Information users. Information needs definition and models. Information seeking behaviour.
Unit.3 User Education Goals and Objectives level, Techniques and Methods, Evaluation of Users Education Programmes. Unit. 4. User Studies. Methods and techniques of User studies. Evaluation of User studies.	Unit 5. User Orientation Programmes: Conventional and modern Techniques: Study tour, Newsletters, Handbooks, Leaflets, Powerpoint Presentation, Websites etc

 

DSSSB Librarian Exam Syllabus 2020

Section–A (100 MCQs Question 100 Marks)
General Awareness (20 MCQs Question of 20 Marks)	General Intelligence Reasoning ability (20 MCQs  Question of 20 Marks
History, Polity, Constitution, Sports, Art Culture, Geography, Economics, Everyday Science, Scientific Research, National/International Organizations /Institutions etc.	Analogies, Similarities, Differences, Space visualization, Problem-solving, Analysis, Judgment, Decision making, Visual memory, Discrimination, Observation, Relationship, Concepts, Arithmetical reasoning, Verbal and figure classification, Arithmetical number series etc
Arithmetical & Numerical Ability (20 MCQs  Question of 20 Marks)	Test of Hindi Language & Comprehension (20 MCQs  Question of 20 Marks)
Number Systems including questions on Simplification, Decimals, Data Interpretation, Fractions, L.C.M., H.C.F., Ratio Proportion, Percentage, Average, Profit Loss, Discount, Simple Compound Interest, Mensuration, Time Work, Time Distance, Tables Graphs etc.	Vocabulary, Grammar, Sentence Structure, Synonyms, Antonyms and its correct usage etc. would also be covered
Section-B Library Science (100 MCQsQuestion 100 Marks)
1. Library and Society Laws of Library Science; Types of Libraries; Library Associations, Systems and Programmers; Library Movement and Library Legislation in India; Organizations and Institutions involved in the development of Library and Information Services-UNESCO, IFLA, FID, INIS, NISSAT, etc.	2. Library Management: Collection development - Types of Documents and Selection Principles, Acquisition Procedure, Acquisition of Journals and Periodicals, Preparation of Documents for use; Library Personnel and Library Committee, Library Rules and Regulations; Library Finance and Budget; Principles of Library Management, Library Organization and Structure; Use and Maintenance of the Library - Circulation, Maintenance, Shelving, Stock Verification, Binding and Preservation, Weeding out, etc.
3. Library Classification Theory and Practice: Library Classification Schemes - DDC, CC, UDC;	4. Library Cataloguing Theory and Practice: Canons and Principles; Library Cataloguing Codes - CCC and AACR;
5. Reference and Information Sources: Bibliography and Reference Sources - Types of Bibliography; Reference Sources- Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, Ready Reference Sources, etc.; Sources of Information - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Documentary, Non-Documentary; EDocuments, E-Books, E-Journals, etc.;	6. Information Services: Concept and need for Information; Types of Documents; Nature and organization of Information Services, Abstracting and Indexing Services; Computer based Information Services - CAS, SDI;
7. Information Technology: Basics Introduction to Computers; Use of computers in Library housekeeping, Library Automation; Software and software packages; Networks - DELNET, NICNET, etc.; National and International Information Systems - NISSAT, NASSDOC, INSDOC, DESIDOC, etc.