Saturday, 16 April 2022

E-Articles, Guides, Manuals, E-Journals, Newsletters

Following are the few internet resources, which are very useful in day today work of our activities. Please go through the links provided on each of them for further details. 

-: Bookshops: India :-
D.K. Agencies, New Delhi (For Indian books on all subjects)
D.K. Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi (For Indian books on all subjects)
Flipcart
Khemraj publishes Sanskrit and Hindi works of outstanding merit on different subjects.
Indiabookcentre.com [IBC] is the exporters of Books and Serials from India.
Vedamsbooks.com provides annotated catalogue of books published in India. The books ordered online will be delivered by mail/air-mail free of charge.
-: Bookshops: International :-
AddAll (Search Engine) searches online bookstores and finds the internet-wide best offer for any book. It also searches for used and out of print books. Search results are sorted by title, author or price.
All Discount Books (Search Engine) helps to compare book prices for both new and used books, and find the lowest book prices. Search covers 51 bookstores / book marketplaces worldwide.
Amazon.com
Barnes and Noble
Biblio.com [Search Engine] is a online marketplace for buying and selling used, rare, and out-of-print books.
Bookmine is specialised in rare and old books.
Bookfinder.com (Search Engine)
Bookfinder4u.com (Search engine)
Chambal.com (Search engine)
Choosebooks.com (Search engine)
FetchBook.Info [Search Engine]
Isbn.nu [Search Engine] offers a quick way to compare the prices of any in-print and many out-of-print books at nine online bookstores.
Tatteredcover.com is a large, independent bookstore housing over half a million books, all of them new, not used.
Techstreet lists industry standards, technical books and training materials
Tomfolio.com place for buying and selling used, rare and collectible books, ephemera and periodicals.
-: E-Articles/Guides/Manuals :-
Electronic Journals: A Selected Resource Guide is an introduction to the rapidly growing field of electronic journals. The sources are spread broadly across the library literature, and this guide attempts to select a representative, but not exhaustive, group of publications that cover the history of e-journals and the main issues involved in their production, management and use. The guide also suggests starting points for more in-depth investigations, and includes sources for keeping current with ongoing developments in electronic journals.
Evaluating Sources of Information
Information Quality WWW Virtual Library is an internet guide to construction of quality online resources. Resources in this site include online resources relevant for evaluation, development and administration of high quality factual/scholarly networked information systems.
WINISIS Manuals find manuals of WINISIS and other free software.
-: E-Journals/Newsletters :-
Ariadne (Qly) describes and evaluates sources and services available on the internet, and of potential use, to librarians and information professionals. Also reports library developments in UK and information services worldwide.
ASIS Bulletin (BM) here each issue, usually deals with a theme or topic, e.g., hypertext, telecommunications, laws related to storage technology, etc.
Biomedical Digital Libraries is an open access journal, which provides access to articles on all aspects of digital library in biomedical settings.
Cybermetrics international electronic journal devoted to bibliometrics, scientometircs and informatrics. It is both an Electronic-only Journal and a Virtual Forum (The Journal) devoted to the study of the quantitative analysis of scholarly and scientific communications
D-Lib (M) is a magazine about research and development in digital libraries.
Digital Document Quarterly is a magazine about digital preservation.
E-JASL: The Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship is a refereed electronic journal publishes three times a year. Covers topics on advancing knowledge and research in the areas of academic and special librarianship.
Ex-Libris (W) is a weekly electronic newsletter for librarians from Marylaine Block. It covers articles, internet info etc.
Firstmonday is a peer-reviewed journal solely devoted to the Internet.
Information Research: An international electronic journal is a free, international, scholarly journal, dedicated to making freely accessible the results of research across a wide range of information-related disciplines. It has been indexed by LISA and Information Science Abstracts.
Information Technology and Libraries is a quarterly publication, brought out by LITA. Abstrcts and TOC is available from Vol.1, 1982, but full text of good number of papers are available from 1999.
Information Today and Tomorrow (Qly) has been brought out by NISSAT, India. The contents include information on new tools and techniques, events concluded and announcements, interesting Internet sites, new database products and services.
Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship [ISTL] publishes substantive material of interest to science and technology librarians.
Journal of Electronic Publishing covers most of the issues related to electronic publishing.
Journal of Information Law and Technology covers a range of topics relating to IT law and applications. It contains a diversity of materials including peer reviewed and non-refereed articles, commentaries, work in progress articles, book and IT reviews, and conference reports and papers, as well as information papers, news and UK and global conferences.
Journal of the Medical Libraries Association here full text of articles are available from 2000 to present and contents and abstracts are available from 1996-1999. Formerly this journal was known as 'Bulletin of the Medical Library Association.
Libri provides full text access to articles from 1999.
Research Information covers good feature articles on various aspects of information science, electronic publishing, etc.
Webology is a scholarly journal in English devoted to the various fields of Library and Information Science and serves as a forum for discussion and experimentation. It serves as a forum for new research in information dissemination and communication processes in general, and in the context of the World Wide Web in particular.
-: By Librarian :-
Infosciencetoday.org
libinfo.com is Andrew Osborne's homepage, which provides links to various LIS resources.
Libr.org
Librarian.net
Library History Buff provides information related to Library history.
Librarylaw.com
Librarysupportstaff.com
Researchinglibrarian.com provides web resources helpful for librarians doing research.
-: For Librarian :-
Academicinfo.net is an independent Internet subject directory compiled and maintained by Mike Madin with the assistance of a volunteer group of subject specialists. It lists quality online educational resources.
Academicresources.net provides research and reference information on the Web for students and professionals. Also links to journals, reference sites, libraries, research institutes, universities, government sites, databases and other sources.
Acqweb is a place for librarians and other professionals interested in acquisitions and collection development.
Asian Resources for Librarians provides links to articles in LIS and Asian library and information centers, associations, digital libraries, etc.
Bloomsburrymagazine.com Research Centre is a free online database of reference books. Over 17,000 entries are cross-referenced providing wealth of information all linked and all fully indexed.
BUBL: Bulletin Board for Libraries
Catlogers Learning Workshop is a clearinghouse portal for cataloging and metadata training resources for information workers. The scope of Cataloger's Learning Workshop includes bibliographic information training in the context of formal library and information science degree programs, as well as continuing education for library practitioners.
Conservation Online [CoOL] is a project of the Preservation Department of Stanford University Libraries, is a full text library of conservation information, covering a wide spectrum of topics of interest to those involved with the conservation of library, archives and museum materials.
Designing Libraries: A public libraries building database is a database of public library buildings in UK. They welcome entries from outside UK
Digital-Librarian is a librarian's choice of the best of the web on various topics.
Education Index is an annotated guide to the best education-related sites on the Web. They're sorted by subject and lifestage, so you can find what you're looking for quickly and easily.
Free E-mail providers Guide provides information on over 1,300 free e-mail providers in more than 85 countries. It also contains listings of other free eCommunications services, such as ISPs, fax, long-distance calls, voicemail, online Storage, etc.
Freetranslation.com is online machine translation service has a few things going for it that make it the first choice for this type of translation. It attempts translates entire phrases instead of words. Currently translates English to French, Spanish, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Norwegian and French, Spanish, and German to English.
GATS and the libraries provides links to readings about the likely impact on libraries of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), which is modified, renegotiated, and entered into by national governments at meetings of the WTO.
Infolink: New Jersey Library Network
INFOMINE: Scholarly Internet Resource Collections
Internet Library for Librarians
Internet Public Library
Internet SCOUT Project
JournalSeek is the largest completely categorized database of freely available journal information available on the internet. The database presently contains 60458 titles. Journal information includes the description (aims and scope), journal abbreviation, journal homepage link, subject category and ISSN.
Library Instruction site contains library instruction lesson plans, articles about library instruction, a large library instruction bibliography, and links to library instruction resources. This site also includes material relating to information literacy.
Library Success is a best practices wiki.
Law Library Resource Xchange
LibDocs is a database of documents on the Internet of interest to librarians.
Liblicense: Licensing Digital Information provides very good information and resources for librarians on the aspects of licensing digital information. Also hosts popular liblicense discussion list.
Library Link: Online information forum for librarians provides online information and discussion forum for librarians, researchers, lecturers, students - anyone with an interest in the field of information management.
Library law it focuses on legal issues of interest to libraries, such as copyright, privacy and the First Amendment.
Libraryspot.com is a free virtual library resource center for educators and students, librarians and their patrons, families, businesses and just about anyone exploring the Web for valuable research information.
LIS-Career offers career development resources for new librarians and information professionals.
ODLIS: Online Dictionary of Library and Information Science provides meanings to most of the technical terms used in day to day work of library and information science professionals. It is an excellent resource for the working professionals, faculty and students.
Open Directory Reference: Libraries-Library and Information Science it includes: professional resources for librarians, i.e., resources which assist librarians in carrying out their duties; resources for librarians' personal professional development; and resources related to the academic discipline of library and information studies.
Professional resources for Librarian's on the WWW
Reference: Best source for facts on the net
Resources for Methods in Evaluation and Social Research provides information on how to do evaluation research and the methods used: surveys, focus groups, sampling, interviews, and other methods.
Scholarly Electronic Publishing Bibliography presents selected articles, books, electronic documents, and other sources that are useful in understanding scholarly electronic publishing efforts on the Internet and other networks.
Technical Processing Online Tools [TPOT] provides access to excellent resource required for technical service departments of the library viz. Acquisitions, Cataloguing, Preservation and Public services resources.
TechXtra It provides quick and reliable access to the best engineering, mathematics, and computing information available on the Internet.
Virtual Reference Desk provides help to academic researchers on a variety of topics.
Virtual Reference Desk [VRD] can help to find information and answers to questions about school subjects, fascinating facts, research topics, and more! The Virtual Reference Desk can help to connect with experts by using the AskA tabs in the Learning Center.
Web Based Resources provides links to free access full text electronic journals and selected websites in different subject areas.
World List of Departments and Schools of Information Studies, Information Management, Information Systems, etc aims to cover Departments, Schools and courses in the 'information sector' in general.
WWW Virtual Library
-: Tech Resources :-
ALA Tech Source is a website about library technology for the library professionals who plan, implement, and manage it.
The Bath Profile: An International Z39.50 Specification for Library Applications and Resource Discovery gives exhastive information about Z39.50.
Biblio-tech.com is devoted to library automation technology, this monthly e-zine has a lot of news and reviews, with system sales and industry trends tackled as well.
Library Technology Guides gives information about library resources covering Web pages, online catalogues, product suppliers, trends in automation, and a bibliographic database of related literature.
Open Source System for Librares its mission is to cultivate the collaborative power of open source software engineering to build better and free systems for use in libraries. Toward this end, they maintain a listing of free software and systems designed for libraries.
-: Listserv : India :-
CORPORATELIBRNS: Interactive forum for Corporate Librarians
Digilib India
Digital Library Research Group
IATLIS (Indian Association of Teachers in Library and Information Science)
India-Lis IFLA Discussion list
NCSI (National Center for Science Information) Lis-Forum
MedLib (E-group for Medical Librarians)
NMLIS (New Millenium LIS Professionals)
Pune Libraries Networking Forum (PLNF)
-: Listserv : International :-
Digital Copyright
Free MARC Records
IFLA Discussion lists
Liblicense-L Mailing list [Licensing Digital Information]
Open Source Systems for Libraries (OSS4LIB) Discussion list
Perl4lib
SERIALST [All aspects of Serials] Discussion list
Web4Lib Electronic Discussion
XML4Lib Electronic Discussion List

 



source: infolibrarian.com

Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs Need Consultant-Library

Educational Qualification:

- A Master’s Degree in Library Science, Information Science/ Documentation Science  

or an equivalent professional degree, and a consistently good academic record with knowledge of computerization of library.

- Sound knowledge of computers , Open Source Software, Library Management Software, Work experience in ICT and database management in the libraries will be given preference .

Experience:

- Should have 3-5 years’ experience in organizing and managing Library activities in any academic / Corporates /Research Institution.

- Knowledge and experience in all the day to day technical activities of the Library.

Desirable:

- Good Communication Skills. (Linguistic aptitude and command over English and  Hindi languages ) 

Click Here For More Details

The last date to accept applications will be 2nd May, 2022 till 6 PM.

New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) Need Librarian

No. of posts- 08 posts 

Eligibility:

The candidate should have retired as Librarian from the Pay Level-6 or above as per the Pay matrix of 7th C.P.C. from Central Govt./State Govt./Local Bodies or equivalent service.

Method of Selection:

The candidates will apply online on the website of the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) under Education Department link on NDMC website www.ndmc.gov.in and sub-link "Engagement of Consultants in Education Department". The applications may also be sent through e-mail id director.education@ndmc.gov.in or by hand or by post at- Director (Education), 5O16, Palika Kendra, NDMC Headquarter, New Delhi-01. The application link will remain open till 01/05/2022.

Shortlisted candidates meeting eligibility criteria will be informed for schedule of interview on their given mobile number/e-mail at least a couple of days in advance.

(iii) All the eligible shortlisted applicants will be interviewed by an Interview Board/Committee tentatively in June, 2022. On the date and time fixed for the interview, the applicant will present himself/herself along with self attested copies and originals for verification namely.

Click Here For More Details 


Wednesday, 13 April 2022

National and International Library Associations and Networks in India and Abroad

Establishment of State Level Library Associations in India
(Chronological List of Associations, Established before the year 2000)

Sr. No. Name of the Association Established Year
1. Andhra Pradesh Library Association 1914
2. Maharashtra Library Association 1921
3. Bengal Library Association 1925
4 Madras Library Association 1928
5. Karnataka Library Association 1929
6. Punjab Library Association 1929
7. Samastha Kerala Pustakalaya Samiti 1931
8. Bihar Library Association 1936
9. Assam Library Association 1938
10. Utkal Library Association 1944
11. Kerala Library Association 1945
12. Hyderabad Library Association 1951
13. U.P.Library Association 1951
14. Delhi Library Association 1953
15. Gujarat library Association 1953
16. Madhya Bharat Library Association 1957
17. Gomantak Library Association 1961
18. Rajasthan Library Association 1962
19. Jammu & Kashmir Library Association 1966
20. Tripura Library Association 1967
21. Manipur Library Association 1987
22. Mizoram Library Association 1987
23. Meghalaya Library Association 1994
24. Nagaland Library Association 1996

 

Indian Library Associations
(Click on the Links to know more about the Association/Network)

Sr. No. Alphabetical List of Associations with their Links
1. All Bengal School Librarians' Association (ABSLA)
2. All Librarians Development Welfare Association (ALAMP)
3. Assam Library Association
4. Bengal Library Association
5. Bombay Science Librarian's Association (BOSLA)
6. Central Government Library Association (CGLA)
7. Delhi Library Association
8. Gujarat Library Association
9. Haryana Library Association
10. Indian Academic Library Association (IALA)
11. Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centers (IASLIC)
12. Indian Association of Teachers of Library and Information Science (IATLIS)
13. Indian Library Association (ILA)
14. Indian Theological Library Association
15. Jharkhand Information and Library Association
16. Karnataka State Library Association
17. Kerala Library Association
18. Madhya Pradesh Library Association
19. Madras Library Association
20. Medical Library Association of India
21. Odisha Library Academy
22. Punjab Library Association 
23. Society for Advancement of Library & Information Science (SALIS)
24. Society for Information Science [SIS]
25. Uttar Pradesh Library Association
Indian Library Networks
Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET)
Ahmedabad Library Network (ADINET)
Developing Library Network (DELNET)
Management Libraries Network (MANLIBNET)
Calcutta Library Network (CALIBNET)
Indian Library Welfare Society/Associations
Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC), Bangalore
National Center for Science Information (NCSI), Bangalore
National Mission for Libraries (NML)
Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF)
SAARC Documentation Centre
Kesavan Institute of Information and Knowledge Management
Satinder Kaur Ramdev Memorial Trust for Advancement of Librarianship (SATKAL)
International Library Associations and Networks
American Library Association (ALA)
American Society for Information Science (ASIS)
Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP)
Association for Library and Information Science Education
Association for Information Management (ASLIB)
Australian Library and Information Association
Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals, UK [CILIP]
Coalition for Networked Information
Council on Library and Information Resources
International Association of Technological University Libraries [IATUL]
International Library Information and Analytical Center [ILIAC]
International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA)
JISC
National Forum on Information Literacy
Online Computer Library Center (OCLC)
Patent and Trademark Depository Library Association
Scottish Confederation of University and Research Libraries
Society of College, National and University Libraries [SCONUL], UK
Special Library Association (SLA) 

 

Note:-Kindly suggest  a Library Association Name to adding here which has not been listed above. Write the Name of the Association and it's web link (website) in the comment box

NIOS Materials

 Library and Information Science (339)

Curriculum

Module 1

Lesson 1. Library and Information Centres: Concept and Rolein Society (1968 KB)

Lesson 2. Types of Libraries and information Centres:Public, Academic, Special and National 

Lesson 3. Modern Library: Automated, Digital, andVirtual(3099 KB)

Lesson 4. Five Lawsof Library Science (2442 KB) 

 Module 2

Lesson 5. Overview of Information Sources (3780 KB)

Lesson 6. Types ofInformation Sources(6356 KB)

Lesson 7. Reference Sources (5232 KB)

Lesson 8. E-Resources(8288 KB)

Module 3

Lesson 9. Organization of Library Material: Concept, Needand Purpose (2256 KB)

Lesson 10. Processingof Library Material: Classification and Cataloguing (2665 KB)

Lesson 11.Arrangement and Maintenance of Library Material (2676 KB) 

Module 4

Lesson 12. Library and Information Services for the Users(2465 KB)

Lesson 13.Traditional Library Services: Responsive and Anticipatory (2513 KB)

Lesson 14. Modern Library Services (4149 KB)

Module 5 (A)

Lesson 15. Library System and Management (3474 KB)

Lesson 16. LibraryStaff (2296 KB)

Lesson 17. LibraryUsers (2001 KB)

Lesson 18. Librarianship as a Career (3429 KB)

Module 5 (B)

Lesson 15. Information Retrieval Concept of Scope (2546 KB)

Lesson 16.Information Retrieval Tools: Catalogue, Index, Subject Heading Lists (10421 KB)

Lesson 17. Search Techniques: Basic and Advanced (1978 KB)

Lesson 18. Web BasedSearch (18529 KB)

Practical Manual (101 KB)

Sample Question Paper (639 KB)


Tuesday, 12 April 2022

Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi (IIIT-Delhi) Need Library Trainee

Essential Qualification:

Master of Library and Information Science (MLISc) from a recognized Institution/University with First Class.

Stipend: Rs.17,000/- per month (consolidated)

Age Limit: 25 years (as on the last date of application)

Fore More Click Here


Friday, 8 April 2022

Steps in Compilation of a Subject Bibliography

1. Introduction: The various steps that are necessary in the work of compilation of subject bibliography are:

2. Planning:  Planning is the first stage in the compilation. Planning involves the preparation of provisional plant. It would be subject to modification in the light of experienced gained as the work goes on. The following are the steps involves in planning, a. definition of the subject. B. Scope of the subject etc.

3. Definition of the Subject: This can be collected from a general dictionary, an encyclopedia, a standard subject dictionary and form a standard text book or from the subject experts.

4. Scope of the Subject: It depends upon some factors as:

a) Comprehensiveness or selectivity: The subject bibliography taken to be compilation may be comprehensive or selective and it should be precisely.

b) Period: It should state the time covered and also indicate if it is current or retrospective.

c) Form: The compiler should also state if he should consider the inner form of the document or physical form like books, periodicals, encyclopedias, dictionaries, microfiche, pamphlet, manuscripts, gramophone records etc.

d) Level:  the bibliography going to compile is for whom, whether it is for ordinary reader or scholars and researchers.

e) Language: The decision as to which language should be covered whether it should be universal or bilingual or multilingual.

f) Area: The area can be interpreted a either the area of coverage of the subject or geographical place from where the document published, i. e. place of publication

5. Search for Material: The starting point of any search for document is library catalogue then books, periodicals, micro documents etc.

6. Item of Information: If it is a bibliography for ordinary readers brief bibliographical information is sufficient. But is should be descriptive in the case of bibliographies for scholars and researchers. Never less we can follow some standards observed by some standard institution. Information is generally collected in slips, or data entry sheet or cards because that helps in the arrangement.

7. Selection: Selection of required document which suit the purpose of compilation of bibliography should be done in the next step.

8. Kinds of Entries: It is essential to satisfy the approaches through author, collaborator, title (occasionally) and subject. Sufficient member of references should also be provided to take care of alternative approaches.

9. The Arrangement: Some of the possible arrangements are alphabetical, classified, combination of alphabetical and classified, chronological etc. However arrangement of bibliography for a researcher would be different from that of a general reader.

10. Other Adjuncts: The following other adjuncts can be provided to a bibliography

a) Preface

b) List of Contents

c) Method of arrangement

d) Outline of classification used.

e) List of periodicals and other document consulted.

f) List of abbreviation

g) How to use the bibliography with examples.

h) Directory of Publisher etc.

11. Form of Final Presentation: The final form of the presentation of the bibliography may be ob slip cards or magnetic tapes. It may be typed, micro graphed or printed. The decision depends upon the number of users to be served and the amount of resources (manpower and finance) available for their purpose.






source: netugc.com

Tuesday, 5 April 2022

Librametric, Bibliometric, Scientometrics, Informetrics

Librametric, Bibliometric, Scientometrics, Informetrics: The Librametric, bibliometric, scientometrics, informetrics are overlapping areas, though their scopes are not the same.

1. Librametry: Dr. S. R. Ranganathan coined the term librametry and presented his concept in 1948 at the ASLIB conference held at Lemington Spa. He said that “there is a need to develop this subject on the lines of Biometry, Econometry, Psychometry, etc. He used the term to include statistical approaches to the study of library and its services. However, the practice of using quantitative method to measure information sources were made even before Dr. S. R. Ranganathan either under different name or without any name at all. For instance E. J. Cole and Nellie Eales in 1917, graphically mapped the literature and called this as “Statistical analysis”, E. Wyndham Hulme in 1922 studied the literature and called it “statistical bibliography”, but the terms were found to be clumsy as it could easily be mistaken.

2. Bibliometrics: The formal term “bibliometric” was first used by Alan Pritchard in his article “Statistical bibliography or bibliometric” in 1969 published in the “Journal of Documentation”. “Biblio” means book and “metric” means a scale or measure. Bibliometric means application of statistical studies in library and information science.

            Pritchard defines bibliometric as “the application of mathematical and statistical methods to books and other media of communication”.

            Potter defines bibliometric as “the study and measurement of the publication pattern of all forms of written communication and their author”.

Thus bibliometric is a sort of measuring techniques by which interconnected aspect of written communication can be quantified. It is the study, or measurement, of texts and information. Bibliometrics utilizes quantitative analysis and statistics to describe patterns of publication within a given field or body of literature. Researchers may use bibliometric methods of evaluation to determine the influence of a single writer, for example, or to describe the relationship between two or more writers or works. One common way of conducting bibliometric research is to use the Social Science Citation Index, the Science Citation Index or the Arts and Humanities Citation Index to trace citations.

a) Bibliometric Techniques: There are different kinds of bibliometric techniques. For example-

i) Productivity Count: It deals with books articles, words in a text, place of publication, subject matter, time and date of publication, publishing institution, authors, author’s institution, etc. Nicholas and Ritchie in the book “Literature and Bibliometrics” called it as productivity count or descriptive.

ii) Literature Usage Count: It deals with citation in published works, circulation, frequency of borrowing or browsing different library material, failure and success in search strategies, search option , etc. Nicholas and Ritchie called it as “Evaluative”.

b) Laws of Bibliometrics: One of the main areas in bibliometric research concerns the application of bibliometric laws. The three most commonly used laws in bibliometrics are - Lotka's Law of Scientific Productivity, Bradford's Law of Scatter, and Zipf's Law of Word Occurrence;

i) Lotka's Law of Scientific Productivity: In 1926, Alfred J. Lotka proposed an inverse square law relating to scientific papers to the number of contributions made by each author. Lotka's Law describes the frequency of publication by authors in a given field. It states that ". . . the number (of authors) making n contributions is about 1/n² of those making one; and the proportion of all contributors, that make a single contribution, is about 60 percent". This means that out of all the authors in a given field, 60 percent will have just one publication, and 15 percent will have two publications (1/2² times . 60), 7 percent of authors will have three publications (1/3² times . 60), and so on. According to Lotka's Law of scientific productivity, only six percent of the authors in a field will produce more than 10 articles.

Lotka’s equation is xn.y= Constant.

Where

Y= Frequency of authors making n contribution, the value of the constant was found to be 0.6079

ii) Bradford's Law of Scatter: Samuel Clement Bradford in 1934 points out that if scientific journals are arranged in order of decreasing productivity of articles on a given subject, they may be divided into a nucleus of periodicals more particularly devoted to the subject and several groups and zones containing the same number of articles as the nucleus when the number of periodicals in the nucleus and succeeding zones will be 1: n: n2.

Bradford's Law states that journals in a single field can be divided into three parts, each containing the same number of articles:

* A core of journals on the subject, relatively few in number, that produces approximately one-third of all the articles;

* A second zone, containing the same number of articles as the first, but a greater number of journals, and

* A third zone, containing the same number of articles as the second, but a still greater number of journals.

The mathematical relationship of the number of journals in the core to the first zone is a constant n and to the second zone the relationship is n². Bradford expressed this relationship as 1 : n : n². Bradford formulated his law after studying a bibliography of geophysics, covering 326 journals in the field. He discovered that 9 journals contained 429 articles, 59 contained 499 articles, and 258 contained 404 articles. So it took 9 journals to contribute one-third of the articles, 5 times of 9, or 45, to produce the next third, and 5 times 5 times 9, or 225, to produce the last third.

Bradford's Law serves as a general guideline to librarians in determining the number of core journals in any given field. Bradford's Law is not statistically accurate, but it is still commonly used as a general rule of thumb.

iii) Zipf's Law of Word Occurrence: George K. Zipf, 1947 states that if the words occurring in a natural language text of sizable length were listed in the order of decreasing frequency then the rank of any given word in the list would be inversely proportional to the frequency of occurrence of the word. Zipf’s equation is

r . f = k

Where

r = Rank;

f = Frequency of Word;

k = Constant


The Law states that in a relatively lengthy text, if you "list the words occurring within that text in order of decreasing frequency, the rank of a word on that list multiplied by its frequency will equal a constant. The equation for this relationship is: r x f = k where r is the rank of the word, f is the frequency, and k is the constant. Zipf illustrated his law with an analysis of James Joyce's Ulysses. "He showed that the tenth most frequent word occurred 2,653 times, the hundredth most frequent word occurred 265 times, the two hundredth word occurred 133 times, and so on. Zipf found, then that the rank of the word multiplied by the frequency of the word equals a constant that is approximately 26,500".

c) Uses of Bibliometric Studies: Historically bibliometric methods have been used to trace relationships amongst academic journal citations. The bibliometric research uses various methods of citation analysis in order to establish relationships between authors or their work. The Bibliometric studies are used in

i) Measuring the scattering of articles on a subject in various periodicals (Bradford).

ii) Measuring the productivity of an author based on the number of published articles. (Lotka).

iii) Ranking of words in a text based on frequency of occurrence of words.

iv) Productivity count of literature.

v) To identify the peers, social change and the core journal, etc.

vi) Indexing and Thesaurus;

vii) Research;

viii) Formulating search strategies in case of automated system;

ix) Comparative assessment of the secondary services;

x) Bibliographic control;

xi) Preparation of retrospective bibliographic and

xii) Library Management.

3. Scientometrics: This term was introduced and came into prominence with the founding of the journal named “Scientometrics” by T. Braunin in 1977, originally published in Hungary and currently from Amsterdam.

            The term “Scientometrics” was used to mean the application of quantitative methods to the history of science but it is now generally used as a generic term for a variety of research approaches within the study of science that a quantifiable aspect of science can be utilized to assess the characteristic of science.

            Marton and Garfield have defined it as the field of enquiry given over to the quantitative analysis of science and scientific field.

4. Informetrics: According to Brooker the term “informetrics” was first proposed by Otto Nacke of West Germany in 1979. It focused on information productivity. It interprets information technology and considers interaction of information theory, cybermetrics, decision theory, etc.


5. Webmetrics: Webmetrics can be defined as using of bibliometric techniques in order to study the relationship of different sites on the World Wide Web. Such techniques may also be used to map out (called "scientific mapping" in traditional bibliometric research) areas of the Web that appear to be most useful or influential, based on the number of times they are hyperlinked to other Web sites.

6. Let Us Sum Up: According to Sen, bibliometric deals with document and its component while informetrics studies pertaining to information. Morales use the term informetrics to cover almost all the aspect of bibliometric and librametrics.




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